Body systems
Reference Point
Motion
Line Graphs
Gravity, Friction, Magnetism
Unbalanced vs. Balanced forces
Speed, Acceleration, Velocity
Newton's Laws of Motion
Time vs. Speed & Distance graphs
Potential & Kinetic Energy
Forms of Energy
Energy Transformation
Nonrenewable & Renewable resources
Circuits
Simple Machines & Work
Mechanical Advantage
Compound Machines
Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Meiosis & Mitosis
Genes
Chromosomes
Traits
Dominant & Recessive Genes
Genotype & Phenotype
Inherited & Acquired (Nature vs. Nurture)
Selective Breeding
Punnett Squares
Pedigree
Natural Selection/ Evolution
Genetic Diseases
Body systems
Reference Point
Motion
Line Graphs
Gravity, Friction, Magnetism
Unbalanced vs. Balanced forces
Speed, Acceleration, Velocity
Newton's Laws of Motion
Time vs. Speed & Distance graphs
Potential & Kinetic Energy
Forms of Energy
Energy Transformation
Nonrenewable & Renewable resources
Circuits
Simple Machines & Work
Mechanical Advantage
Compound Machines
Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Meiosis & Mitosis
Genes
Chromosomes
Traits
Dominant & Recessive Genes
Genotype & Phenotype
Inherited & Acquired (Nature vs. Nurture)
Selective Breeding
Punnett Squares
Pedigree
Natural Selection/ Evolution
Genetic Diseases
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Body systems
Reference Point
Motion
Line Graphs
Gravity, Friction, Magnetism
Unbalanced vs. Balanced forces
Speed, Acceleration, Velocity
Newton's Laws of Motion
Time vs. Speed & Distance graphs
Potential & Kinetic Energy
Forms of Energy
Energy Transformation
Nonrenewable & Renewable resources
Circuits
Simple Machines & Work
Mechanical Advantage
Compound Machines
Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Meiosis & Mitosis
Genes
Chromosomes
Traits
Dominant & Recessive Genes
Genotype & Phenotype
Inherited & Acquired (Nature vs. Nurture)
Selective Breeding
Punnett Squares
Pedigree
Natural Selection/ Evolution
Genetic Diseases
Pedigrees are charts that shows the presence or absence of a trait within a family across multiple generations.
They are used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a certain trait in a family.
Pedigrees represent family members and relationships through standardized symbols that are used in all pedigrees.
By analyzing pedigrees, we can determine genotypes, recognize phenotypes, and predict how a trait will be passed on in the future.
Pedigrees can also predict whether a trait is dominant, recessive, autosomal, or sex-linked.
Not all carriers are always explicitly indicated in a pedigree, and it may not be possible to determine the genotype of each individual.
Both dominant and recessive traits can show up in all generations on a pedigree.
To start reading a pedigree:
First, you have to determine whether the trait is dominant or recessive.
If the trait is dominant, one of the parents must have the trait and the trait will not skip a generation.
If the trait is recessive, neither parent is required to have/ show the trait since they can be heterozygous.
Next you should determine if the chart shows an autosomal or sex-linked (usually X-linked) trait.
In X-linked recessive traits, males are much more commonly affected than females because they only have one x- chromosome.
In autosomal traits, both males and females are equally likely to be affected.